One study, published March 7 in Cell Metabolism, enrolled 36 men and 36 women from two age groups - a "young" group age 18-30 years old and an "older" group age 65-80 years old - and placed them into three different exercise programs.
One program involved high-intensity interval biking, another strength training with weights, and the third combined both strength training and interval training.
After taking biopsies from the participants' thigh muscles and comparing the molecular makeup of their muscle cells to samples from sedentary volunteers, the team found that exercise caused cells to make more proteins for their energy-producing mitochondria and their protein-building ribosomes, effectively stopping aging at the cellular level.
The team also found that although strength training was effective at building muscle mass, it was high-intensity interval training that was particularly effective and provided the biggest benefits at the cellular level.
In addition, although the younger participants who took part in the interval training program saw a 49% increase in mitochondrial capacity, the older volunteers saw an even bigger 69 percent increase.
Interval training also improved volunteers' insulin sensitivity, which indicates a lower likelihood of developing diabetes, however, interval training wasn't as effective at improving muscle strength, which typically declines with age.
Senior author Sreekumaran Nair said, "Based on everything we know, there's no substitute for these exercise programs when it comes to delaying the aging process. These things we are seeing cannot be done by any medicine."
And although the team advised that any exercise is better than no exercise, Nair added that, "If people have to pick one exercise, I would recommend high-intensity interval training, but I think it would be more beneficial if they could do 3-4 days of interval training and then a couple days of strength training."
In another study, an international team of researchers looked at the results of 37 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which studied the effect of combining exercise and nutrition on sarcopenia in subjects aged 60 years and older.
Although progressive muscle loss is a natural part of aging, sarcopenia is defined as when muscle mass and muscle function fall below defined thresholds and can have a huge impact on daily living affecting mobility, balance, and risk of falls and fractures.
The review found that exercise had a positive impact on muscle mass and muscle function in healthy subjects aged 60 years and older, with the results showing an increase in muscle mass in 79% of the studies, and improved muscle strength in 82.8% of the studies.
The majority of studies, 92.8%, also showed that following an exercise intervention there was also an improvement in physical performance tests such as walking speed, balance and the chair rising test, leading the team to conclude that the results showed "show the overwhelming positive impact" of exercise in later life.
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